Research Paper on WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT as Vascular Calcification Mechanisms for Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Switch

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Title: WNT Signaling, BMPs, Mechanotransduction, and EndMT as Vascular Calcification Mechanisms for Smooth Muscle Cell Osteogenic Switch

Abstract: Vascular calcification is the buildup of hydroxyapatite crystals in the arterial tissue and is characterized by the hardening of arteries. It is now known that calcification is a cellularly controlled process that involves the phenotypic conversion of vascular smooth muscle cells into osteoblast-like cells. Vascular calcification is caused by a number of mechanisms, but the wingless-related integration site (WNT) pathway, mechanical strain, bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), and other factors are highlighted in this literature review. The procedure resembles that of bone.  Osteogenesis is the process of bone growth and remodeling brought on by increased mechanical stress. A deeper understanding of calcification may be developed by observing the parallels between the two. Both can be activated in response to stress and are thought to be regulated by the bone morphogenetic protein and WNT signaling cascades. Integrins and cadherins of vascular smooth muscle cells react to a mechanical stimulus in a pro-calcific environment, activating cellular signaling pathways, and ultimately regulating genes that encourage calcification of the vascular extracellular matrix (ECM). Through the endothelial to mesenchymal transition, which increases cell plasticity, the endothelium is also believed to contribute to vascular calcification. Each of these elements is a factor. increased cardiovascular mortality in patients, particularly those with additional illnesses like diabetes and kidney failure. to calcification. Future research into the mechanisms underlying calcification may result in the creation of a potential treatment.

Keywords: vascular calcification; smooth muscle cells; canonical WNT; RUNX2; BMPs; integrins; cadherins; EndMT

Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper

Subject: Bioengineering

Writer Experience: 20+ Years

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