Research Paper on Tetrabromobisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol S’s effects on apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a comparative study

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Title: Tetrabromobisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol S’s effects on apoptosis in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a comparative study

Abstract: Background: The most widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR) in the industry is tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). TBBPA has been identified in a variety of environmental samples, including food, tap water, dust, outdoor and indoor air, and human body fluids. The toxic potential of this substance has also been demonstrated by studies. Tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS), a better and less harmful BFR, has been created to take the place of TBBPA in the industry. Data on the toxic effects of TBBPS are lacking, and no research has been done to examine the apoptotic mechanism of action of TBBPA and TBBPS in human leukocytes. Methods: The cells were taken out of the leucocyte-platelet buffy coat and exposed to concentrations of the investigated substances ranging from 0.01 to 50 g/mL for 24 hours. Phosphatidylserine externalization at cellular membrane (the number of apoptotic cells), cytosolic calcium ion and transmembrane mitochondrial potential levels, caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation, as well as PARP-1 cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation in PBMCs were measured in order to investigate the apoptotic mechanism of action of tested BFRs. Results: TBBPA and TBBPS altered every parameter that was examined in the incubated cells, causing human PBMCs to undergo apoptosis. Additionally, it was found that the majority of the apoptotic action of the compounds under study involved the mitochondrial pathway. Conclusions: It was discovered that TBBPS and TBBPA, more potently, caused apoptosis in human PBMCs. The majority of the compounds tested had an effect on apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway; however, TBBPS activated the intrinsic pathway more potently than TBBPA.

Keywords: tetrabromobisphenol A; tetrabromobisphenol S; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; apoptosis; cytosolic calcium ion level; transmembrane mitochondrial potential; caspase activation; PARP-1 cleavage; chromatin condensation

Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper

Subject: Chemistry

Writer Experience: 20+ Years

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