Description
Title: Distribution, structural diversity, biosynthesis, activity, and crosstalk with phytohormones of phytoecdysteroids
Abstract: Phytoecdysteroids (PEs) are naturally occurring polyhydroxylated substances with a structure resembling that of brassinosteroids, a plant hormone, and insect molting hormone. The four-ringed structure of PEs is made up of 27, 28, 29, or 30 carbon atoms (derived from plant sterols). Ecdysteroid’s carbon skeleton is called cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene and has a -sidechain on carbon-17. With the aid of the precursor acetyl-CoA, plants generate PEs through the mevalonate pathway. Algae, fungi, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms all contain PEs; more than 500 distinct PEs are present in more than 100 terrestrial plants. The most frequent PE is 20-hydroxyecdysone. PEs play a wide variety of biological roles in mammals, invertebrates, and plants. These substances aid in reducing biotic and abiotic stresses. Through their allelochemical activity, which boosts plant biological and metabolic responses, PEs have a significant impact on plants’ ability to tolerate insects and nematodes. PEs encourage both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms, which lower reactive oxygen species like superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as well as the amount of malondialdehyde. PEs also stimulate protein biosynthesis and control lipid and carbohydrate synthesis. PEs exhibit biological, pharmacological, and therapeutic properties in humans, including activity that is anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antidepressant.
Keywords: allelopathy; anti-stress activity; isolation; germination; growth regulators; heavy metals;pathogen; salinity
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Biology
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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