Description
Title: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Body Chemistry, Polyamine Intake, and Metabolism: A Unique System
Abstract: Polyamines (PAs) are small, adaptable molecules with two or more positively charged nitrogen-containing groups that serve a variety of biological functions. The majority of these aspects are well known and have been the subject of many top-notch surveys. Here, the review’s novel elements and queries are as follows: (1) It provides an overview of the most significant natural and synthetic PAs. (2) It shows the uptake of PAs from food and the subsequent growth of bacteria in the intestinal tract after PAs are lost through feces. (3) It draws attention to the contrast between the high levels of PAs in the gut lumen and their low levels in blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, whereas levels in cellular cytoplasm are significantly higher. (4) The present review presents a novel and comprehensive scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, which includes glycine, glutamate, proline, and other amino acids as PA precursors. It also presents a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may prevent putrescine production from becoming fatal when ODC knockout is present (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes new information on PA transport in brain glial cells that explains why these cells preferentially accumulate PAs rather than neurons. (6) Finally, it offers a brand-new, comprehensive PA interconversion scheme that includes the end-products hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (a particular gliotransmitter). This review as a whole can provide an updated perspective on the PA mystery.
Keywords: polyamines; CNS; astrocytes; neurons; glial cells; spermidine; spermine; agmatine; nutrition; transport
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Biomolecules
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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