Description
Title: Antibiotic Over-the-Counter Sales in India: A Qualitative Study of Providers’ Viewpoints in Two States
Abstract: One of the highest rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the world is found in India. Antibiotics are typically sold over-the-counter (OTC) at retail pharmacies despite being prescription drugs. In order to understand the OTC sale of antibiotics at retail pharmacies and to identify its underlying causes, our goal was to gather information. We used convenience sampling to conduct in-depth face-to-face interviews with 22 pharmacists and 14 informal dispensers from 36 retail pharmacies in two Indian states (Haryana and Telangana). Thematic analysis showed that antibiotics were frequently prescribed over-the-counter (OTC) for viral and self-limiting conditions like fever, cough, and cold, as well as acute diarrhea. Antibiotics from the Access and Watch groups were given out for one to two days. Respondents lacked knowledge about AMR and blamed the government, prescribers, unofficial providers, cross-practice by alternative medicine practitioners, and consumer demand for OTC antibiotic practices. Pharmacists hypothesized that commercial interests, limited access to public healthcare, consumer time and money constraints, lax regulations, and scant inspections were the primary forces underlying OTC dispensing. To reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics, a comprehensive strategy that is in line with initiatives under the National Action Plan-AMR is necessary. This strategy must include stewardship initiatives aimed at pharmacists and evidence-based targeted awareness campaigns for all stakeholders.
Keywords: antibiotics; antimicrobial resistance; dispenser; informal dispenser; informal provider; NAP-AMR; over-the-counter; pharmacist
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Antibiotics
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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