Description
Title: Eukaryotic tRNAomes Are Shaped by Processing, Modification, and Anticodon-Codon Use
Abstract: Beyond their anticodons and the wide range of nucleotide modifications present in all kingdoms of life, transfer RNAs (tRNAs) contain sequence diversity. While some modifications to the anticodon loop more directly affect messenger RNA (mRNA) decoding activity, others stabilize structure and fit in the ribosome. In order to accommodate fine tuning for their translation systems, distant and parallel species have different tRNA identities with some universal anticodon loop modifications. Codon use bias reflects the plasticity in positions 34 (wobble) and 37. Here, we review convergent evidence that suggests the dedicated RNA polymerase III transcription system of eukaryotes and its coupling to the precursor-tRNA chaperone, La protein, supported the expansion of the eukaryotic tRNAome. We also discuss the G34/A34 anticodon-sparing, A34 modification to inosine, biased codon use, and regulatory information in the redundant (synonymous) portion of the genetic code as they relate to eukaryotic tRNAome evolution. Then, we go over interdependent eukaryotic position 37 anticodon loop modifications. This includes homologs that were duplicated and subspecialized for isoacceptor-specific substrates and dependence on i6A37 or t6A37, as well as the tRNA modification 3-methylcytidine-32 (m3C32), which is unique to eukaryotes, and the gene that causes it, TRM140. Health is affected by the genetics of tRNA function both directly and indirectly through disease modifiers.
Keywords: anticodon sparing; adenosine 34; inosine 34; tRNA adenosine deaminase; tRNA methyltransferase; La protein RNA chaperone
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Biomolecules
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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