Description
Title: Update on the Multifunctional Function of the S100 Protein Family in the Immune System
Abstract: S100 is a large subfamily of low-molecular weight calcium-binding proteins (9–14 kDa) that differ in their functional roles despite sharing structural similarities. It can function extracellularly, intracellularly, or both and is necessary for inflammation and cellular homeostasis. In a healthy cell, S100 members take part in numerous processes, such as calcium storage and transport (calcium homeostasis). S100 isoforms that have been demonstrated to play significant roles in the immune system as metal scavengers, pro-inflammatory stimulators, antimicrobial peptides, alarmins (DAMPs), and chemo-attractants during an innate immune response. Several S100 family members were discovered to be involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 during the pandemic. Additionally, it was suggested that S100 family protein members be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 infection detection using a nasal swab. The majority of recent studies that examined the multiple roles played by S100 proteins in the intricate immune system and their related functions have been compiled in the current review. We also shed light on the various molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that S100 proteins control during immune response. We also talked about the role of abnormal defense mechanisms during COVID-19 pathogenesis played by S100 protein members.
Keywords: nutritional immunity; inflammation; immune cells; alarmins; antimicrobial peptide; autoimmune disease; COVID-19
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Biology
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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