Research Paper on Male Reproduction and Reactive Nitrogen Species: Physiological and Pathological Aspects

Description

Title: Male Reproduction and Reactive Nitrogen Species: Physiological and Pathological Aspects

Abstract: Similar to reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) support reproductive functions like cell signaling, hormonal biosynthesis regulation, sperm capacitation, hyperactivation, and acrosome reaction. However, endogenous levels of RNS above physiological thresholds can reduce gonadotropin synthesis, disrupt testicular functions, and degrade the quality of the sperm. Excessive RNS levels seriously impede the maturation and fertilization processes by causing a variety of abnormalities in gametes and germ cells, particularly in the membranes and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Unbalanced redox status of the embryo during its early developmental stage is also linked to cell fragmentation and developmental blockage, typically at the two-cell stage. It is crucial to develop new methods for diagnosing and treating oxidative and/or nitrosative stress-mediated male infertility because high RNS levels are intimately linked to male infertility and conventional semen analyses are not reliable predictors of the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) for such infertility cases. The purpose of this review is to clarify the physiological and pathological functions of RNS and how they relate to male reproduction.

Keywords: male infertility; oxidative stress; reactive nitrogen species; reactive oxygen species; sperm DNA fragmentation

Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper

Subject: Biology

Writer Experience: 20+ Years

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