Research Paper on An Immunoinformatics Approach for Comparing Immunological Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in COVID-19 Pandemic Trends

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Title: An Immunoinformatics Approach for Comparing Immunological Profiles of SARS-CoV-2 Variants in COVID-19 Pandemic Trends

Abstract: A number of mutant SARS-CoV-2 virus variants have emerged, raising serious concerns about the dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic at the moment. In contrast to the original strain, the escendants are said to carry a higher risk of transmission while having a smaller impact on hospital admission, illness severity, or mortality. Furthermore, it is also not thought that the effectiveness of the vaccine varies among the population according to the virus variants and ethnicity. It has been established that the newly evolved viruses’ spike gene and protein mutations are specifically to blame for this alteration in the virus’ behavior and disease condition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the immunogenic profiles of the spike protein from the most recent SARS-CoV-2 virus variants with regard to the likelihood of COVID-19 severity. The most recent SARS-CoV-2 variants’ genome sequences were retrieved from the GISAID and NCBI repositories. T-cell and B-cell epitope prediction programs were run against the translated protein sequences. Then, using a variety of prediction servers, the antigenicity, immunogenicity, allergenicity, toxicity, and conservancy of the identified epitopes were determined. Using the Human Leucocyte Antigen population registry in IEDB, only the non-toxic and non-allergic potential epitopes were matched for population relevance. The chosen epitopes were then verified by simulation and docking studies. The assessed immunological parameters would also show the severity of COVID-19 and the pathogen infection rate. Our immunoinformatics method revealed that the five variants of spike protein were capable of creating potential T and B-cell epitopes with different immune reactions. Despite having a large number of epitope/HLA combinations, the Wuhan strain has poor neutralizing capacity due to its relatively low antigenicity and high immunogenicity, which may be related to the severity of the disease. Our results show that several potential epitope/HLA combinations in the England strain, the USA, India, and South Africa variants, as well as increased viral antigenicity with moderate to high immunogenicity, could possess a high neutralizing ability. Thus, despite their higher viremia, as reported in the most recent COVID-19 cases, our findings support the idea that the newly circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants may be more infectious and have less severe disease conditions, which would increase their epidemiological fitness.

Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 variants; SARS-CoV-2 antigenicity; SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity; SARS- CoV-2 epitope prediction; immunoinformatics approach; COVID-19 severity; infection rate; epidemi- ological fitness; vaccine modification

Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper

Subject: Antibiotics

Writer Experience: 20+ Years

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