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Title: Salmonella Typhimurium Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern and WGS-Based Lineage of Isolated from 2000 to 2017 in Peru
Abstract: Salmonella Typhimurium is linked to foodborne illnesses all over the world, including in Peru, and the emergence of its antibiotic resistance (AMR) has now become a problem for global public health. To control this pathogen, country-specific AMR monitoring is therefore essential. In this regard, whole genome sequence (WGS)-based approaches outperform gene-based analyses. In order to comprehend the lineage and antimicrobial resistance pattern of this pathogen in Peru, we performed the antimicrobial susceptibility test for ten commonly used antibiotics and WGS-based various analyses of 90 S. Typhimurium isolates (human, animal, and environment) from 14 cities of Peru isolated from 2000 to 2017. Our findings imply that the Peruvian isolates are primarily of sequence type ST19 and are of Typhimurium serovar. An open pan-genome is revealed by genomic diversity analyses, and at least ten lineages are present in Peru. While 12.0% of isolates are multi-drug resistant, 48.8% and 31.0% of them are phenotypically and genotypically resistant to at least one antibiotic (MDR). For the ten drugs that have been tested, the genotype-phenotype correlations show >80% accuracy and >90% specificity. Only with ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime was sensitivity greater than 90% attained. The majority of the MDR isolates belong to two lineages. A total of 63 distinct AMR genes have been discovered, 30 of which are present in 17 distinct plasmids. AMR genes linked to third-generation antibiotics are also found in transmissible plasmids like lncI-gamma/k, IncI1-I(Alpha), Col(pHAD28), IncFIB, IncHI2, and lncI2 that are carried by these plasmids. Finally, using genome-wide association studies, comparative genomics, and functional annotation, three new non-synonymous single nucleotide variations (SNVs) for nalidixic acid resistance and eight new SNVs for nitrofurantoin resistance are predicted. The WGS-based details of the circulating S. Typhimurium lineages and their antimicrobial resistance pattern in Peru are now available for the first time thanks to our analysis.
Keywords: antimicrobial resistance; multi-drug resistance; Salmonella Typhimurium; whole-genome sequencing; resistance plasmids; antimicrobial susceptibility test; GWAS
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Antibiotics
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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