Description
Title: The Pathobiology of Inflammation and Its Resolution: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids and Their Metabolites
Abstract: The initiation and resolution of inflammation depend heavily on the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA). Leukotriene B4/D4/E4 (LTB4/LD4/LTE4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which are derived from AA, are involved in the start of inflammation and the control of immune response, hematopoiesis, and the facilitation of M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophages. The production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) is paradoxically suppressed by PGE2, while the production of lipoxin A4 (LXA4) from AA is stimulated, starting the process of inflammation resolution and promoting tissue regeneration. In order to reduce inflammation, LXA4 inhibits the production and activity of PGE2 and LTs and promotes the development of M2 macrophages. SARS-CoV-2 is one of the enveloped viruses that AA inactivates. To carry out their anti-microbial functions, macrophages, NK cells, T cells, and other immunocytes release AA and other bioactive lipids. In addition to having cytoprotective effects and controlling nitric oxide production, AA, PGE2, and LXA4 are essential for maintaining cell shape, regulating cell motility and phagocytosis, and controlling inflammation, immunity, and antimicrobial actions. Thus, it is hypothesized that AA is fundamental to the pathobiology of ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, COVID-19, and other critical illnesses, suggesting that its administration may be highly advantageous in the prevention and treatment of these conditions.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; polyunsaturated fatty acids; arachidonic acid; prostaglandins;
lipoxin A4; resolvins; protectins; maresins; inflammation; ARDS
Paper Quality: SCOPUS / Web of Science Level Research Paper
Subject: Biomolecules
Writer Experience: 20+ Years
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